Madagascar Rainforest of Atsinanana Research Paper - 1

Madagascar Rainforest of Atsinanana - Research Paper Example The Madagascar Rainforest of Atsinanana is â€Å"critically significant for keeping up the environmental procedures which have come about in Madagascar’s one of a kind biodiversity† (African Natural Heritage, 2009). There is a high level of endemism, that is 97% of the types of creatures existing in these sodden woodlands are discovered distinctly in Madagascar, including 25 types of lemur. The national parks secure 66% of the island’s vertebrates. As indicated by Ferguson (p.135), â€Å"80% of the fauna and 90% of the verdure on the island are discovered no place else on earth†. In this way Madagascar’s mark as a ‘biodiversity hotspot’ demonstrates its significance for preservation.  Thesis Statement: The motivation behind this paper is to explore Madagascar’s Rainforest of Atsinanana, survey its natural worth, distinguish the environmental uniqueness of the plant and creature life, look at the rainforest’s biodiversity, the human interruptions undermining the zone, recognize the current defends and further protection and conservation endeavors, decide how people can help safeguard the assorted variety of the territory, and the misfortunes that would be acquired if interruption somehow happened to go unchecked. Madagascar is the world’s fourth biggest island. The Rainforests of the Atsinanana are primarily identified with the more extreme landscape along the eastern ledge and heaps of Madagascar. The relict Rainforests comprise an ensured sequential property made out of the six national parks appropriated along the eastern side of the island. This property is made out of an agent choice of the most significant natural surroundings of the extraordinary rainforest biota of Madagascar. These incorporate a few of the imperiled and endemic plant and creature species (UNESCO, 2011). The district additionally has an unmistakable social history and excellent sea shores (Ward, 2010). The relict rainforests are noteworthy environmentally, keeping up organic procedure which are indispensable for the endurance of Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity. The country’s

Paranoid Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

Suspicious Personality Disorder Essay Joe Fuller I. Presentation and Identifying Information Intelligence of an individual by one way or another characterizes him/her. Through insight, an individual will know his abilities and capacities and where he is acceptable at. It helps someone’s confidence and improves the certainty he had in himself. In the event that you’re smart, you can do and manage anything particularly in the event that you have a splendid brain. A keen individual realizes how to manage individuals and acknowledge their missteps and blemishes. Knowledge includes certainty yet carelessness that prompts doubt and threatening vibe is another issue. Knowledge should likewise be offset with the passionate remainder which everybody must buckle down for. Such isn't the current situation. The patient is a male whose name is Joe. He lived in a lower white collar class neighborhood in an enormous, northeastern city. His dad is a steamfitter and his mom is a home producer. He had 2 more established siblings and a more youthful sister. When Joe was 11 years of age, his grandma began living with them. His grandma is now invalid and isn't now able to deal with herself after Joe’s granddad kicked the bucket. Joe was especially brilliant understudy. However, he had a few confused associations with his family, companions and others around him. Later on, he created uneasiness and fits of anxiety that caused him to counsel to a specialist. At that point the specialist alluded him to go to a therapist. II. Foundation Information History and Course of the Present Problem The patient is depicted to be particularly brilliant and pompous. He was admitted to a lofty secondary school and school. He was a â€Å"A† understudy and regularly poked fun at individuals who â€Å"couldn’t measure up. † Whenever an educator committed an error in class, Joe was consistently the first to snicker and offer a side remark. He maintained a strategic distance from bunch exercises and issues with connections. He couldn’t trust everybody and he was dubious. He got a kick out of the chance to work alone over his ventures since he generally felt that individuals will take his thoughts. Joe would consistently feel that he was the best and no one could rival him. The patient had contended with an educator about an evaluation and after that he heard one of his schoolmates state, â€Å"I don’t know why a few people need to buckle down for everything†. Joe resented this remark to his family so Joe chose to seek retribution. So while this understudy is going to a ball game, Joe discovered his vehicle and poured sugar in his gas tank. Out of nowhere, he began encountering alarm assaults that came about him to go for a registration. Present and Past Medical History The patient went to a specialist since he needed a treatment for his uneasiness and fits of anxiety. He had palpitations, vibes of brevity of breath, chest torment and sickness or stomach pressure. In any case, his fits of anxiety are not related with agoraphobia. Joe felt that he had no psychological issue by any means. The specialist recommended him Tofranil, an energizer. Be that as it may, Joe had more information on how this medication influenced neurological components than the specialist. The said treatment was fruitless in light of the fact that Joe didn't feel that he has a character issue. The specialist, which he named as Dr. Fein, didn't have any earlier information that Joe may have a jumpy character issue. Joe was not open to his life and Dr. Fein ought to have thought about how conceivable it is that Joe has a distrustful character issue that is the reason he carried on the manner in which he did. At the present time, Joe’s alarm assaults despite everything proceeded. Social History Joe is supposed to be impolite and egotistical. His first consistent relationship is with Carla however afterwards on, Carla parted ways with him. Joe needed to seek retribution. From that point forward, he turned out to be amazingly dubious of women’s goals. Once, Joe ridiculed a person conversing with his date at a gathering. Joe consistently discovers confusion with others. He contended with an educator for accepting a B+ rather than an A. Joe started to date his future spouse Ruth. He likewise landed his first position working with a medication organization. Joe on his first employment This is a perfect situation for Joe. Be that as it may, he was asked by his manager to stop his autonomous research. Joe carried on with threatening vibe towards his collaborators. On account of this constant demeanor, Joe was approached to leave following 3 years. Joe on his second occupation Joe took an occupation working in a college. Joe didn’t like his new position. He was asked again to reduce his autonomous research. He was approached to work in another representative and suspected he was a covert agent. Joe blamed the college in attempting to murder him with radiation in the lab. Later on, Joe was terminated and he took another employment which is driving a taxi. Familial Relationship According to the patient, his dad is intellectually sick and he accepted that he was being ignored by his family. He was antagonized to his loved ones and he accepts that â€Å"he had nothing†. As a center youngster, he felt that he is by and large forgot about so he needs to step up in all that he should do. In an early age, he got overly sensitive to the assessment of others and accepted that the world is an antagonistic spot abused for being unique. Later in his life, he wedded Ruth and they had a girl. Their conjugal relationship has been putted on the rocks for a great deal of times in light of misconception and Joe’s neurosis about his significant other. Later on, Ruth perceived that Joe was going overboard to minor occasions. Joe then proposed that Ruth was a piece of the intrigue that individuals were attempting to take his thoughts. After certain years, Joe and Ruth separated. Up to this point, he is as yet persuaded that Ruth double-crossed him. Run of the mill Problem The patient’s biography stems up from his place in the family. In an early age, he confronted battles that drove him to get dubious of the thought processes of individuals to him. Since he’s wise, he expect that he knows it all and individuals are attempting to take his thoughts that drove him to have poor associations with others. He got a remark before that struck his inner self and considered it to be an affront, so he constantly needed to have retribution with individuals. The patient believes that he is the best and no one can beat him. He created tension and fits of anxiety, which is an indication of Paranoid Personality Disorder, yet at the same time he believes that he isn't sick and he is intellectually steady. A Misunderstanding of Some Sort When Joe went to a specialist whose name is Dr. Flein, he announced their for treatment of his nervousness and fits of anxiety. The specialist gave him a stimulant medication without thinking about different indications in the character of the patient. Dr. Flein recently felt that it was just a basic nervousness issue, however he never takes the respect to consider Paranoid Personality Disorder on Joe.

Fixing a hole

Fixing a hole I walked into 21M.302: Harmony and Counterpoint II today to find this on the chalkboard: Now, I wasnt really paying that close attention at the time because I had to finish this problem, due in less than four hours: However, when Dr. Hughes started lecturing I was polite and put my activity coefficient away. He explained to us that this was a stunningly brilliant example of a diatonic descending 5ths progression in A Minor, making special note of the sopranos oblique motion against the bass and the correct preparation and downward resolution of the sevenths in the Fmaj7 and Bhalf-dim7 chords. Every good theorician knows that in the classical style, you have to prepare the 7th degree of a chord in the prior chord and then resolve it downward to create the most pleasant voice-leading possible. He sat down at the piano and played through the progression once, then told us that because the progression traverses the entire diatonic circle of fifths, including the tritone F-B leap, it can be repeated again. He demonstrated this. Then he turned on his trusty MP3 player and let us listen to the piece from which this progression was excerpted. This is what he played. Now you can never forget what a descending 5ths progression sounds like no matter how hard you may try. Heck, it could go in Mollies wacky professor quotes entry though I guess, by itself, it pales in nerdiness to some of the ones there. Anyway, when you wake up at 4 AM after I-forget-how-many hours sleep and start on a thermo pset due in at 2 PM, this chorus tends to take on a special meaning. Thanks, Dr. Hughes. In suite news, another one of my prayers was finally answered today. To: Kenneth Donaghey From: Sam Maurer Subject: hole in 224 wall Time: 11:15 PM 10/12/2005 Hi Ken, I just got back from my desk shift tonight and noticed that there is a large, person-sized indentation in the wall next to 224C. I do not know how or why it got there, but it appeared sometime between the hours of 9 PM and 12 AM last night. Should I alert the repair request service to this also? Thanks, Sam This morning, much to my relief: Gabe 08 wondered if were in danger from possible asbestos in the walls. I assured him that I was certain the dorm had been renovated recently enough that all traces of asbestos were probably removed. Actually, I figure that between 10.28 and my UROP, it would be one of the less dangerous things available for me to accidentally inhale over the course of a day. Just playin. I think I had to send out the e-mail because I think Im the only person on the floor that actually doesnt know how or why it got there. I just got back from my shift and was like what the ? and everbody started laughing to themselves. However, one thing I do know is that it was not because somebody was being thrown in the shower on the eve of his or her first physics examinationthats been outlawed for almost two years now by Dean Larry Benedict. I like how thats three first names but only two of them are actually his names. You rock, Dean Larry. Dont ever change your job.

Old Day Crime And Crime - 1323 Words

Old Day Crime Just think about a world have little to no crime. That would be quite the story. Ever since birth people hear about crime. People will always hear about the school shooting, or the robbery at the bank. Crime saw a decrease in the 90’s, but since then the non physical and physical crime have stayed the same. Crime was higher in previous years, but all of a sudden the 90’s hit, and the crime has gone down. â€Å"Robbery, burglary and larceny each fell every year between 1991 and 2000.† said Levitt. Looking at Table 1 every crime that could be committed generally went down (Levitt). Most crimes never decreased for more than 3 years (Levitt). Table 1 â€Å"National Trends in SpeciÂŽ c Categories of Crime† (Levitt) Crime category and data†¦show more content†¦One of them being the abortion filter (Goldstien). Abortion was wrong in a lot of people’s mind, so they would have the child (Goldstien). They thought it could be because, people were becoming parents (Goldstein). The parents wanted to better themselves before there baby came, they were going to be busy supporting a family. They began to work and get jobs. Then again, people had the Happy pill thesis (Goldstien). At this time medicine was becoming better, and helping more people (Goldstien). They thought medicine was improving human behavior and moods. They even thought about a Lead Hypothesis (Goldstien). They thought the kids even adults could have lead in there system (Goldstien). The lead would eventually make its way to the brain (Goldstien ). This would cause them to have aggressive behavior and become violent (Goldstien). People in the 90’s began to live longer (Goldstien). They got and idea that people lived longer, so older adults were looking over people (Goldstien). People were looking out for each other almost. There was also a lot of new technology (Goldstien). People were staying inside more with T.V.’s and anything else they could buy (Goldstien). Certain people thought it was because a lot people stopped using drugs especially crack (Goldstien). Young adults, teens, or even kids seen the effect it had on someone they looked up too (Goldstien). They

Analysis of Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Essay

Analysis of Market Structures and Pricing Strategies The markets today are so complex and deal with so many variables it can be difficult to understand just exactly how they operate. In the following I will reveal the different kinds of market structures along with their different pricing strategies. Relating to these topics, I will focus on the importance of cost, competition and customer. 1. Analysis of different market Structures Different market structures are basically compared by the number of competing firms and the extent of entry barriers. a) A perfect competition structure has zero entry barriers with a lot of firms. This means it has a large number of competitors, with†¦show more content†¦Again, with high entry barriers they are not bombarded with other firms coming and going from their market. (Samuelson and Marks, 2010). 2. Analysis of pricing strategies specifically related to each type of market structures a) In a perfect competitive market, the sole determinant of pricing is the market demand and the suppl y curves. A demand curve refers to the total amount that consumers will pay for their products. The supply curve is the total amount that the producers can actually make to supply to the company at the price they can afford or are willing to pay. Another factor in a perfect competitive market structure is the equilibrium price which is basically when the supply of the market meets the market demand of the consumers. Anther unique feature of a perfect competition market is that it is a price taker. In essence, this means that the company doesn’t have any influence on the price. Again, this can only be caused through a market that has a large number of firms with identical products. (Samuelson and Marks, 2010). b) In a monopolistic competition structure, although there are numerous firms, they carry different products. Due to product differentiation, each company is able to somewhat control their own pricing. c) In an oligopoly structured market, pricing seems to be a bit more complicated. The reason for this complication lies inShow MoreRelatedFeedback on New Business Proposal: Case Studies1092 Words   |  4 PagesComments Identification of market structure FORMCHECKBOX FORMCHECKBOX Yes No The Minis Restaurant chain is an innovative market concept and addresses and urgent need in America, where 1/3 of all citizen are obese. The market structure is well-defined and communicated from a competitive landscape perspective as well. 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Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry Free Essays

Yeats believed that art and politics were intrinsically linked and used his writing to express his attitudes toward Irish politics, as well as to educate his readers about Irish cultural history. From an early age, Yeats felt a deep connection to Ireland and his national identity, and he thought that British rule negatively impacted Irish politics and social life. His early compilation of folklore sought to teach a literary history that had been suppressed by British rule, and his early poems were odes to the beauty and mystery of the Irish countryside. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now This work frequently integrated references to myths and mythic figures, including Oisin and Cuchulain. As Yeats became more involved in Irish politics—through his relationships with the Irish National Theatre, the Irish Literary Society, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and Maud Gonne—his poems increasingly resembled political manifestos. Yeats wrote numerous poems about Ireland’s involvement in World War I (â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† [1919], â€Å"A Meditation in Time of War† [1921]), Irish nationalists and political activists (â€Å"On a Political Prisoner† [1921], â€Å"In Memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz† [1933]), and the Easter Rebellion (â€Å"Easter 1916† [1916]). Yeats believed that art could serve a political function: poems could both critique and comment on political events, as well as educate and inform a population. The Impact of Fate and the Divine on History Yeats’s devotion to mysticism led to the development of a unique spiritual and philosophical system that emphasized the role of fate and historical determinism, or the belief that events have been preordained. Yeats had rejected Christianity early in his life, but his lifelong study of mythology, Theosophy, spiritualism, philosophy, and the occult demonstrate his profound interest in the divine and how it interacts with humanity. Over the course of his life, he created a complex system of spirituality, using the image of interlocking gyres (similar to spiral cones) to map out the development and reincarnation of the soul. Yeats believed that history was determined by fate and that fate revealed its plan in moments when the human and divine interact. A tone of historically determined inevitability permeates his poems, particularly in descriptions of situations of human and divine interaction. The divine takes on many forms in Yeats’s poetry, sometimes literally (â€Å"Leda and the Swan† [1923]), sometimes abstractly (â€Å"The Second Coming† [1919]). In other poems, the divine is only gestured to (as in the sense of the divine in the Byzantine mosaics in â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† [1926]). No matter what shape it takes, the divine signals the role of fate in determining the course of history. The Transition from Romanticism to Modernism Yeats started his long literary career as a romantic poet and gradually evolved into a modernist poet. When he began publishing poetry in the 1880s, his poems had a lyrical, romantic style, and they focused on love, longing and loss, and Irish myths. His early writing follows the conventions of romantic verse, utilizing familiar rhyme schemes, metric patterns, and poetic structures. Although it is lighter than his later writings, his early poetry is still sophisticated and accomplished. Several factors contributed to his poetic evolution: his interest in mysticism and the occult led him to explore spiritually and philosophically complex subjects. Yeats’s frustrated romantic relationship with Maud Gonne caused the starry-eyed romantic idealism of his early work to become more knowing and cynical. Additionally, his concern with Irish subjects evolved as he became more closely connected to nationalist political causes. As a result, Yeats shifted his focus from myth and folklore to contemporary politics, often linking the two to make potent statements that reflected political agitation and turbulence in Ireland and abroad. Finally, and most significantly, Yeats’s connection with the changing face of literary culture in the early twentieth century led him to pick up some of the styles and conventions of the modernist poets. The modernists experimented with verse forms, aggressively engaged with contemporary politics, challenged poetic conventions and the literary tradition at large, and rejected the notion that poetry should simply be lyrical and beautiful. These influences caused his poetry to become darker, edgier, and more concise. Although he never abandoned the verse forms that provided the sounds and rhythms of his earlier poetry, there is still a noticeable shift in style and tone over the course of his career. Motifs Irish Nationalism and Politics Throughout his literary career, Yeats incorporated distinctly Irish themes and issues into his work. He used his writing as a tool to comment on Irish politics and the home rule movement and to educate and inform people about Irish history and culture. Yeats also used the backdrop of the Irish countryside to retell stories and legends from Irish folklore. As he became increasingly involved in nationalist politics, his poems took on a patriotic tone. Yeats addressed Irish politics in a variety of ways: sometimes his statements are explicit political commentary, as in â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death,† in which he addresses the hypocrisy of the British use of Irish soldiers in World War I. Such poems as â€Å"Easter 1916† and â€Å"In Memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz† address individuals and events connected to Irish nationalist politics, while â€Å"The Second Coming† and â€Å"Leda and the Swan† subtly include the idea of Irish nationalism. In these poems, a sense of cultural crisis and conflict seeps through, even though the poems are not explicitly about Ireland. By using images of chaos, disorder, and war, Yeats engaged in an understated commentary on the political situations in Ireland and abroad. Yeats’s active participation in Irish politics informed his poetry, and he used his work to further comment on the nationalist issues of his day. Mysticism and the Occult Yeats had a deep fascination with mysticism and the occult, and his poetry is infused with a sense of the otherworldly, the spiritual, and the unknown. His interest in the occult began with his study of Theosophy as a young man and expanded and developed through his participation in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a mystical secret society. Mysticism figures prominently in Yeats’s discussion of the reincarnation of the soul, as well as in his philosophical model of the conical gyres used to explain the journey of the soul, the passage of time, and the guiding hand of fate. Mysticism and the occult occur again and again in Yeats’s poetry, most explicitly in â€Å"The Second Coming† but also in poems such as â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† and â€Å"The Magi† (1916). The rejection of Christian principles in favor of a more supernatural approach to spirituality creates a unique flavor in Yeats’s poetry that impacts his discussion of history, politics, and love. Irish Myth and Folklore Yeats’s participation in the Irish political system had origins in his interest in Irish myth and folklore. Irish myth and folklore had been suppressed by church doctrine and British control of the school system. Yeats used his poetry as a tool for re-educating the Irish population about their heritage and as a strategy for developing Irish nationalism. He retold entire folktales in epic poems and plays, such as The Wanderings of Oisin (1889) and The Death of Cuchulain (1939), and used fragments of stories in shorter poems, such as â€Å"The Stolen Child† (1886), which retells a parable of fairies luring a child away from his home, and â€Å"Cuchulain’s Fight with the Sea† (1925), which recounts part of an epic where the Irish folk hero Cuchulain battles his long-lost son by at the edge of the sea. Other poems deal with subjects, images, and themes culled from folklore. In â€Å"Who Goes with Fergus? † (1893) Yeats imagines a meeting with the exiled wandering king of Irish legend, while â€Å"The Song of Wandering Aengus† (1899) captures the experiences of the lovelorn god Aengus as he searches for the beautiful maiden seen in his dreams. Most important, Yeats infused his poetry with a rich sense of Irish culture. Even poems that do not deal explicitly with subjects from myth retain powerful tinges of indigenous Irish culture. Yeats often borrowed word selection, verse form, and patterns of imagery directly from traditional Irish myth and folklore. Symbols The Gyre The gyre, a circular or conical shape, appears frequently in Yeats’s poems and was developed as part of the philosophical system outlined in his book A Vision. At first, Yeats used the phases of the moon to articulate his belief that history was structured in terms of ages, but he later settled upon the gyre as a more useful model. He chose the image of interlocking gyres—visually represented as two intersecting conical spirals—to symbolize his philosophical belief that all things could be described in terms of cycles and patterns. The soul (or the civilization, the age, and so on) would move from the smallest point of the spiral to the largest before moving along to the other gyre. Although this is a difficult concept to grasp abstractly, the image makes sense when applied to the waxing and waning of a particular historical age or the evolution of a human life from youth to adulthood to old age. The symbol of the interlocking gyres reveals Yeats’s belief in fate and historical determinism as well as his spiritual attitudes toward the development of the soul, since creatures and events must evolve according to the conical shape. With the image of the gyre, Yeats created a shorthand reference in his poetry that stood for his entire philosophy of history and spirituality. The Swan Swans are a common symbol in poetry, often used to depict idealized nature. Yeats employs this convention in â€Å"The Wild Swans at Coole† (1919), in which the regal birds represent an unchanging, flawless ideal. In â€Å"Leda and the Swan,† Yeats rewrites the Greek myth of Zeus and Leda to comment on fate and historical inevitability: Zeus disguises himself as a swan to rape the unsuspecting Leda. In this poem, the bird is fearsome and destructive, and it possesses a divine power that violates Leda and initiates the dire consequences of war and devastation depicted in the final lines. Even though Yeats clearly states that the swan is the god Zeus, he also emphasizes the physicality of the swan: the beating wings, the dark webbed feet, the long neck and beak. Through this description of its physical characteristics, the swan becomes a violent divine force. By rendering a well-known poetic symbol as violent and terrifying rather than idealized and beautiful, Yeats manipulates poetic conventions, an act of literary modernism, and adds to the power of the poem. The Great Beast Yeats employs the figure of a great beast—a horrific, violent animal—to embody difficult abstract concepts. The great beast as a symbol comes from Christian iconography, in which it represents evil and darkness. In â€Å"The Second Coming,† the great beast emerges from the Spiritus Mundi, or soul of the universe, to function as the primary image of destruction in the poem. Yeats describes the onset of apocalyptic events in which the â€Å"blood-dimmed tide is loosed† and the â€Å"ceremony of innocence is drowned† as the world enters a new age and falls apart as a result of the widening of the historical gyres. The speaker predicts the arrival of the Second Coming, and this prediction summons a â€Å"vast image† of a frightening monster pulled from the collective consciousness of the world. Yeats modifies the well-known image of the sphinx to embody the poem’s vision of the climactic coming. By rendering the terrifying prospect of disruption and change into an easily imagined horrifying monster, Yeats makes an abstract fear become tangible and real. The great beast slouches toward Bethlehem to be born, where it will evolve into a second Christ (or anti-Christ) figure for the dark new age. In this way, Yeats uses distinct, concrete imagery to symbolize complex ideas about the state of the modern world. How to cite Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry, Papers

Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry Free Essays

Yeats believed that art and politics were intrinsically linked and used his writing to express his attitudes toward Irish politics, as well as to educate his readers about Irish cultural history. From an early age, Yeats felt a deep connection to Ireland and his national identity, and he thought that British rule negatively impacted Irish politics and social life. His early compilation of folklore sought to teach a literary history that had been suppressed by British rule, and his early poems were odes to the beauty and mystery of the Irish countryside. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now This work frequently integrated references to myths and mythic figures, including Oisin and Cuchulain. As Yeats became more involved in Irish politics—through his relationships with the Irish National Theatre, the Irish Literary Society, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and Maud Gonne—his poems increasingly resembled political manifestos. Yeats wrote numerous poems about Ireland’s involvement in World War I (â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† [1919], â€Å"A Meditation in Time of War† [1921]), Irish nationalists and political activists (â€Å"On a Political Prisoner† [1921], â€Å"In Memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz† [1933]), and the Easter Rebellion (â€Å"Easter 1916† [1916]). Yeats believed that art could serve a political function: poems could both critique and comment on political events, as well as educate and inform a population. The Impact of Fate and the Divine on History Yeats’s devotion to mysticism led to the development of a unique spiritual and philosophical system that emphasized the role of fate and historical determinism, or the belief that events have been preordained. Yeats had rejected Christianity early in his life, but his lifelong study of mythology, Theosophy, spiritualism, philosophy, and the occult demonstrate his profound interest in the divine and how it interacts with humanity. Over the course of his life, he created a complex system of spirituality, using the image of interlocking gyres (similar to spiral cones) to map out the development and reincarnation of the soul. Yeats believed that history was determined by fate and that fate revealed its plan in moments when the human and divine interact. A tone of historically determined inevitability permeates his poems, particularly in descriptions of situations of human and divine interaction. The divine takes on many forms in Yeats’s poetry, sometimes literally (â€Å"Leda and the Swan† [1923]), sometimes abstractly (â€Å"The Second Coming† [1919]). In other poems, the divine is only gestured to (as in the sense of the divine in the Byzantine mosaics in â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† [1926]). No matter what shape it takes, the divine signals the role of fate in determining the course of history. The Transition from Romanticism to Modernism Yeats started his long literary career as a romantic poet and gradually evolved into a modernist poet. When he began publishing poetry in the 1880s, his poems had a lyrical, romantic style, and they focused on love, longing and loss, and Irish myths. His early writing follows the conventions of romantic verse, utilizing familiar rhyme schemes, metric patterns, and poetic structures. Although it is lighter than his later writings, his early poetry is still sophisticated and accomplished. Several factors contributed to his poetic evolution: his interest in mysticism and the occult led him to explore spiritually and philosophically complex subjects. Yeats’s frustrated romantic relationship with Maud Gonne caused the starry-eyed romantic idealism of his early work to become more knowing and cynical. Additionally, his concern with Irish subjects evolved as he became more closely connected to nationalist political causes. As a result, Yeats shifted his focus from myth and folklore to contemporary politics, often linking the two to make potent statements that reflected political agitation and turbulence in Ireland and abroad. Finally, and most significantly, Yeats’s connection with the changing face of literary culture in the early twentieth century led him to pick up some of the styles and conventions of the modernist poets. The modernists experimented with verse forms, aggressively engaged with contemporary politics, challenged poetic conventions and the literary tradition at large, and rejected the notion that poetry should simply be lyrical and beautiful. These influences caused his poetry to become darker, edgier, and more concise. Although he never abandoned the verse forms that provided the sounds and rhythms of his earlier poetry, there is still a noticeable shift in style and tone over the course of his career. Motifs Irish Nationalism and Politics Throughout his literary career, Yeats incorporated distinctly Irish themes and issues into his work. He used his writing as a tool to comment on Irish politics and the home rule movement and to educate and inform people about Irish history and culture. Yeats also used the backdrop of the Irish countryside to retell stories and legends from Irish folklore. As he became increasingly involved in nationalist politics, his poems took on a patriotic tone. Yeats addressed Irish politics in a variety of ways: sometimes his statements are explicit political commentary, as in â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death,† in which he addresses the hypocrisy of the British use of Irish soldiers in World War I. Such poems as â€Å"Easter 1916† and â€Å"In Memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz† address individuals and events connected to Irish nationalist politics, while â€Å"The Second Coming† and â€Å"Leda and the Swan† subtly include the idea of Irish nationalism. In these poems, a sense of cultural crisis and conflict seeps through, even though the poems are not explicitly about Ireland. By using images of chaos, disorder, and war, Yeats engaged in an understated commentary on the political situations in Ireland and abroad. Yeats’s active participation in Irish politics informed his poetry, and he used his work to further comment on the nationalist issues of his day. Mysticism and the Occult Yeats had a deep fascination with mysticism and the occult, and his poetry is infused with a sense of the otherworldly, the spiritual, and the unknown. His interest in the occult began with his study of Theosophy as a young man and expanded and developed through his participation in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a mystical secret society. Mysticism figures prominently in Yeats’s discussion of the reincarnation of the soul, as well as in his philosophical model of the conical gyres used to explain the journey of the soul, the passage of time, and the guiding hand of fate. Mysticism and the occult occur again and again in Yeats’s poetry, most explicitly in â€Å"The Second Coming† but also in poems such as â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† and â€Å"The Magi† (1916). The rejection of Christian principles in favor of a more supernatural approach to spirituality creates a unique flavor in Yeats’s poetry that impacts his discussion of history, politics, and love. Irish Myth and Folklore Yeats’s participation in the Irish political system had origins in his interest in Irish myth and folklore. Irish myth and folklore had been suppressed by church doctrine and British control of the school system. Yeats used his poetry as a tool for re-educating the Irish population about their heritage and as a strategy for developing Irish nationalism. He retold entire folktales in epic poems and plays, such as The Wanderings of Oisin (1889) and The Death of Cuchulain (1939), and used fragments of stories in shorter poems, such as â€Å"The Stolen Child† (1886), which retells a parable of fairies luring a child away from his home, and â€Å"Cuchulain’s Fight with the Sea† (1925), which recounts part of an epic where the Irish folk hero Cuchulain battles his long-lost son by at the edge of the sea. Other poems deal with subjects, images, and themes culled from folklore. In â€Å"Who Goes with Fergus? † (1893) Yeats imagines a meeting with the exiled wandering king of Irish legend, while â€Å"The Song of Wandering Aengus† (1899) captures the experiences of the lovelorn god Aengus as he searches for the beautiful maiden seen in his dreams. Most important, Yeats infused his poetry with a rich sense of Irish culture. Even poems that do not deal explicitly with subjects from myth retain powerful tinges of indigenous Irish culture. Yeats often borrowed word selection, verse form, and patterns of imagery directly from traditional Irish myth and folklore. Symbols The Gyre The gyre, a circular or conical shape, appears frequently in Yeats’s poems and was developed as part of the philosophical system outlined in his book A Vision. At first, Yeats used the phases of the moon to articulate his belief that history was structured in terms of ages, but he later settled upon the gyre as a more useful model. He chose the image of interlocking gyres—visually represented as two intersecting conical spirals—to symbolize his philosophical belief that all things could be described in terms of cycles and patterns. The soul (or the civilization, the age, and so on) would move from the smallest point of the spiral to the largest before moving along to the other gyre. Although this is a difficult concept to grasp abstractly, the image makes sense when applied to the waxing and waning of a particular historical age or the evolution of a human life from youth to adulthood to old age. The symbol of the interlocking gyres reveals Yeats’s belief in fate and historical determinism as well as his spiritual attitudes toward the development of the soul, since creatures and events must evolve according to the conical shape. With the image of the gyre, Yeats created a shorthand reference in his poetry that stood for his entire philosophy of history and spirituality. The Swan Swans are a common symbol in poetry, often used to depict idealized nature. Yeats employs this convention in â€Å"The Wild Swans at Coole† (1919), in which the regal birds represent an unchanging, flawless ideal. In â€Å"Leda and the Swan,† Yeats rewrites the Greek myth of Zeus and Leda to comment on fate and historical inevitability: Zeus disguises himself as a swan to rape the unsuspecting Leda. In this poem, the bird is fearsome and destructive, and it possesses a divine power that violates Leda and initiates the dire consequences of war and devastation depicted in the final lines. Even though Yeats clearly states that the swan is the god Zeus, he also emphasizes the physicality of the swan: the beating wings, the dark webbed feet, the long neck and beak. Through this description of its physical characteristics, the swan becomes a violent divine force. By rendering a well-known poetic symbol as violent and terrifying rather than idealized and beautiful, Yeats manipulates poetic conventions, an act of literary modernism, and adds to the power of the poem. The Great Beast Yeats employs the figure of a great beast—a horrific, violent animal—to embody difficult abstract concepts. The great beast as a symbol comes from Christian iconography, in which it represents evil and darkness. In â€Å"The Second Coming,† the great beast emerges from the Spiritus Mundi, or soul of the universe, to function as the primary image of destruction in the poem. Yeats describes the onset of apocalyptic events in which the â€Å"blood-dimmed tide is loosed† and the â€Å"ceremony of innocence is drowned† as the world enters a new age and falls apart as a result of the widening of the historical gyres. The speaker predicts the arrival of the Second Coming, and this prediction summons a â€Å"vast image† of a frightening monster pulled from the collective consciousness of the world. Yeats modifies the well-known image of the sphinx to embody the poem’s vision of the climactic coming. By rendering the terrifying prospect of disruption and change into an easily imagined horrifying monster, Yeats makes an abstract fear become tangible and real. The great beast slouches toward Bethlehem to be born, where it will evolve into a second Christ (or anti-Christ) figure for the dark new age. In this way, Yeats uses distinct, concrete imagery to symbolize complex ideas about the state of the modern world. How to cite Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry, Papers